(k) Depression of the mandible opens the mouth, while elevation closes it. (j) Protraction of the mandible pushes the chin forward, and retraction pulls the chin back. (i) Eversion of the foot moves the bottom (sole) of the foot away from the midline of the body, while foot inversion faces the sole toward the midline. (g) Supination of the forearm turns the hand to the palm forward position in which the radius and ulna are parallel, while forearm pronation turns the hand to the palm backward position in which the radius crosses over the ulna to form an “X.” (h) Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint moves the top of the foot toward the leg, while plantar flexion lifts the heel and points the toes. Medial and lateral rotation of the upper limb at the shoulder or lower limb at the hip involves turning the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body (medial or internal rotation) or away from the midline (lateral or external rotation).įigure 2. (f) Turning of the head side to side or twisting of the body is rotation. Adduction/abduction and circumduction take place at the shoulder, hip, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints. ![]() Circumduction is the movement of the limb, hand, or fingers in a circular pattern, using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction motions. Adduction brings the limb or hand toward or across the midline of the body, or brings the fingers or toes together. Moving the limb or hand laterally away from the body, or spreading the fingers or toes, is abduction. (e) Abduction and adduction are motions of the limbs, hand, fingers, or toes in the coronal (medial–lateral) plane of movement. (c)–(d) Anterior bending of the head or vertebral column is flexion, while any posterior-going movement is extension. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints. (a)–(b) Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. Synovial joints give the body many ways in which to move. Refer to Figure 1 as you go through this section.įigure 1. ![]() Body movements are always described in relation to the anatomical position of the body: upright stance, with upper limbs to the side of body and palms facing forward. Movement types are generally paired, with one being the opposite of the other. In reality, all movements involves movements in more than one dimension. For example, running is often considered to be a movement in the sagittal plane. There is a tendency when describing a movement to refer it to the particular plane that it is dominated by. There are three axes of rotation that correspond to each of the three planes: Movement at a joint takes place in a plane about an axis. Rotations and twisting motions fall under this plane (internal rotation, external rotation).Īn axis is a straight line around which a limb rotates. ![]() The transverse plane lies horizontally and divides the body into superior and inferior. Lateral movements that involves the limbs moving away and towards the body fall under this plane (adduction, abduction). The frontal plane also lies vertically but divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Forward and backward movements fall into this plane (flexion, extension). The sagittal plane lies vertically and divides the body into right and left parts. Planes describe the direction of the movement. ![]() At each joint, we can break down the movement into three planes. In order to describe movements we typically break down the movement and describe what is occurring at every joint. There are many types of movement that can occur at synovial joints ( Table 1). Overall, each type of synovial joint is necessary to provide the body with its great flexibility and mobility. While the ball-and-socket joint gives the greatest range of movement at an individual joint, in other regions of the body, several joints may work together to produce a particular movement. The type of movement that can be produced at a synovial joint is determined by its structural type. Each movement at a synovial joint results from the contraction or relaxation of the muscles that are attached to the bones on either side of the articulation. Synovial joints allow the body a tremendous range of movements.
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